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The goal of this paper is to measure eye, body, and head movements during natural locomotion and to use this data to investigate the resulting optic flow patterns. We first calculated the flow patterns relative to the head, as this reflects the way that the movement of the body during gait impacts instantaneous heading direction by showing an eye-movement-free representation of optic flow. Then, we combine these head-centered flowfields with measured eye position to estimate the retinal optic flow experienced during natural locomotion. By characterizing the optic flow stimulus experienced during natural locomotion, we may gain a greater insight into the ways that the nervous system could exploit these signals for locomotor control.
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The act of steering towards a goal does not necessarily require the use of optic flow. [86] proposed that the perceived location (visual direction) of a target with respect to the body is used to guide locomotion, rendering optic flow unnecessary. Perhaps the strongest evidence for the role of optic flow in control of steering towards a goal is the demonstration by [87] who pitted visual direction against the focus of expansion in a virtual environment, where walkers generate the flow patterns typical of natural locomotion. They found that although visual direction was used to control walking paths when environments lacked visual structure (and thereby lacked a salient optic flow signal), optic flow had an increasing effect on paths as environments became more structured. The authors interpreted this result to mean that walkers use a combination of visual direction and optic flow to steer to a goal when the visual environment contains sufficient visual structure. This is puzzling in the context of our findings, since the [87] experiment used a fully ambulatory virtual environment, so the head-centered optic flow experienced those subjects would have had the same instabilities described here. How then can we reconcile these results?
While many methods exist to compute instantaneous heading from the retinal flow field, a consideration of these patterns relative to the gaze point through the gait cycle provides a different context for the way the retinal flow information is used to control real-world, natural locomotion.
We created a geometric simulation to provide a more nuanced picture of the way that the movement of the body shapes the visual motion experienced during natural locomotion. To estimate the flow experienced during various types of movements, a simulated eye model was generated using the following procedure. Most of the geometric calculations used in this model rely heavily on the Geom3D toolbox on Mathworks.com [98]
Some participants from the GD group felt as if they were going to collide with the walls during the NEX task. Their reactions were identical to those expected in a real environment. Others completely forgot the real world during the study. These observations support the idea that natural locomotion contributes to an increase in the extent of involvement in the virtual experience. 2ff7e9595c
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